هوش مصنوعی به‌مثابه مؤلفه نوین قدرت ملی: تحلیل تطبیقی سیاست‌گذاری ایران، عربستان سعودی و ترکیه

میر حافظ حوائج; سید علی  طباطبائی پناه; اردشیر  سنائی; حمید رضا  شیرزاد

Authors

Mir hafez Havaej PhD Student in International Relations, Department of Political Science, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Author https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6894-8985
Seyed Ali Tabatabai Panah Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Corresponding author https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5094-8446
Ardeshir Sanaei Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Author https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6204-6504
Hamidreza Shirzad Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3469-144X

Keywords:

artificial intelligence, national power, policymaking, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, national security, competitiveness, international relations

Abstract

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years has had profound effects on various domains, including the economy, politics, national security, and international relations. This study comparatively examines AI policymaking and its impact on the national power of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. The primary objective of the study is to analyze these countries’ strategies for the development and application of artificial intelligence and to investigate how this technology affects their national power and position in the international arena. Employing a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach, the study examines the AI policies adopted by Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. The findings indicate that artificial intelligence can function as a strategic instrument for enhancing national power, strengthening economic competitiveness, and reinforcing national security, and that countries at the forefront of this field are likely to enjoy significant advantages at the international level. In addition to examining the challenges and opportunities associated with the development of this technology, the study elucidates its role in transforming the rules governing international relations and the global balance of power, while emphasizing the importance of artificial intelligence in diplomatic policies and strategic decision-making. The findings further underscore that artificial intelligence, as a strategic instrument in national and international policymaking, can contribute to strengthening both the soft and hard power of leading countries. The results also demonstrate that Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, through targeted investment and effective policymaking in the field of AI, can enhance their economic competitiveness and strengthen their security position at both regional and global levels. The study also identifies major challenges to the development of artificial intelligence in these countries, including the need for appropriate infrastructure and specialized human resources.

References

Alinaghian, A., Safdari Ranjbar, M., & Mohammadi, G. (2023). Designing a Policy Package for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in Iran. Public policy, 9(1).

Asg. (2020). Saudi Arabia Unveils National Strategy for Data and Artificial Intelligence (NSDAI).

Aydın, M. (2020). Digitalization, Artificial Intelligence and National Power. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 17(67), 89-113.

Bakiner, O. (2023). The Promises and Challenges of Addressing Artificial Intelligence with Human Rights. Big Data & Society, 10(2), 20539517231205476.

Brundage, M., Avin, S., Clark, J., Toner, H., Eckersley, P., Garfinkel, B., & Amodei, D. (2018). The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence: Forecasting, Prevention, and Mitigation.

Crootof, R. (2022). The Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence.

Demir, S. (2021). Defense Industry, Technology and Turkey's Strategic Capacity. SETA Publications.

Digital Transformation Office of the Presidency of the Republic of, T., Ministry of, I., & Technology. (2021). Turkey National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2021-2025.

Dimovski, J., Radivojević, V., & Kopeva, D. (2025). Artificial Intelligence: Investment Patterns and Economic Implications in Leading Countries. Teme, 341-355.

European, P. (2024). The Geopolitics of Technology: Charting the EU's Path in a Competitive World.

Eyvazi, M. R., & Parsa, M. (2013). An Analytical Model of Soft Power and International Politics. Scientific Quarterly of Soft Power Studies, 3(9).

Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., & Vayena, E. (2018). AI4People—An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 689-707.

Fonteneau, F., Mollins, J., Marchi, S., Russo, L., Gentaz, A., Daoud, M., & André, A. A. (2025). Advancing the Measurement of Investments in Artificial Intelligence.

Ghavam, A. (2012). Principles of Foreign Policy and International Politics. SAMT.

Ghavam, S. A. (2002). Principles of Foreign Policy and International Politics. SAMT.

Gorji, E. (2012). Soft Balancing against U.S. Hegemony: Mechanisms and Challenges. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 15(55).

Hilbert, M. (2016). The Bad News Is That the Digital Access Divide Is Here to Stay: Domestically Installed Bandwidths among 172 Countries for 1986-2014. Telecommunications Policy, 40(6), 567-581.

Howard, P. N., & Hussain, M. M. (2024). Digital Power and the New Global Divide: Inequality, Data Colonialism, and the Governance of AI. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 21(1), 1-20.

Jones, K. (2023). AI Governance and Human Rights.

Karami, A., & Motaghi Dastenaei, E. (2024). A Pathological Analysis of the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Public Diplomacy. Global Relations Research Quarterly, 1(3).

Landman, T. (2016). Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics: An Introduction (4th ed.). Routledge.

Maslej, N., Fattorini, L., Perrault, R., Gil, Y., Parli, V., Kariuki, N., & Oak, S. (2025). Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2025.

Maslej, N., Fattorini, L., Perrault, R., Parli, V., Reuel, A., Brynjolfsson, E., & Clark, J. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2024.

McKinsey, & Company. (2023). The Economic Potential of Generative AI: The Next Productivity Frontier.

Mirahmadi, S., & Omidi, A. (2024). Application of Artificial Intelligence in Foreign Policy Decision-Making: Capacities and Challenges. Scientific Quarterly of Strategic Policy Research, 13(50).

Morgenthau, H. J. (2005). Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Moshirzadeh, H. (2017). Developments in International Relations Theories. SAMT.

Mousavi, S. M., & Chehrazad, S. (2024). Transformation of Soft Power in International Relations in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Scientific Quarterly of Soft Power Studies, 14(3).

Naghibzadeh, A. (2003). History of Diplomacy and International Relations. Ghomes.

National Security Commission on Artificial, I. (2021). Final Report: National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence – Chapter 4: AI and Warfare.

Nouri, J., Lotfollah, M., & Lotfollah, M. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Governance in Iran: Policies and Challenges; A Case Study of the Raisi Administration.

Nye, J. S. (2013). The Future of Power. Ney Publishing.

Nye, J. S. (2017). The Future of Power. Ney Publishing.

Oecd. (2024). Advancing the Measurement of Investments in Artificial Intelligence.

Oecd. (2025). Governing with Artificial Intelligence. OECD Publishing.

OpenAi. (2026). AI and International Security: Pathways of Impact and Key Risks.

Özkan, M. (2019). Turkey and Emerging AI Technologies: Power, Governance, and Policy. Middle Eastern Studies, 55(1), 45-62.

Pokhna, A. (2025). Digital Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy in the Age of Algorithms.

Qureshi, A. (2025). Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity Challenges in Saudi Arabia's Digital Economy. Intereconomics, 58(1), 42-48.

Rao, V., Sharma, P., & Khan, S. (2025). A Comprehensive Analysis of Types of Artificial Intelligence. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 14(2), 120-128.

Saliaka, I. (2025). Artificial Intelligence and the New Chessboard of Diplomacy. Strategy International.

Sipola, T., Kokkonen, T., & Karjalainen, M. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity. Springer International Publishing.

Statistical Center of, I. (2023). Information Technology Statistical Yearbook.

Turkish Strategic Research, C. (2021). Strategic Report on Artificial Intelligence Development.

Wang, J., Milne, C., Hu, J. Z., & Khan, F. (2024). Navigating Geopolitics in AI Governance.